METHI OR FENUIGREEK SEEDS CUTIVATION AND HEALTH BENIFITS OF THE HUMAN DIET AND CONTRO THE DISESES
| Fenugreek | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | Trigonella |
| Species: | T. foenum-graecum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum | |
Fenugreek (/ˈfɛnjʊɡriːk/; Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual plant in the family Fabaceae, with leaves consisting of three small obovate to oblong leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the Indian subcontinent, and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.[2] Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.[3][4]
Although a common dietary supplement,[5] no significant clinical evidence suggests that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.[4][5] Commonly used in traditional medicine, fenugreek can increase the risk of serious adverse effects, including allergic reactions.[4][5]
History
Fenugreek is believed to have been brought into cultivation in the Near East. Which wild strain of the genus Trigonella gave rise to domesticated fenugreek is uncertain. Charred fenugreek seeds have been recovered from Tell Halal, Iraq (carbon dated to 4000 BC), Bronze Age levels of Lachish, and desiccated seeds from the tomb of Tutankhamun.[6] Cato the Elder lists fenugreek with clover and vetch as crops grown to feed cattle.[7]
In one first-century AD recipe, the Romans flavoured wine with fenugreek.[8] In the 1st century AD, in Galilee, it was grown as a staple food, as Josephus mentions in his book, the Wars of the Jews.[9] The plant is mentioned in the second-century compendium of Jewish Oral Law (Mishnah) under its Hebrew name tiltan.[10]
Etymology
The English name derives via Middle French fenugrec from Latin faenugraecum, faenum Graecum meaning "Greek hay".[11]
Production
India is a major producer of fenugreek, and over 80% of India's output is from the state of Rajasthan.[12]
Uses
Fenugreek is used as a herb (dried or fresh leaves), spice (seeds), and vegetable (fresh leaves, sprouts, and microgreens). Sotolon is the chemical responsible for the distinctive maple syrup smell of fenugreek.[13][4]
Cuboid, yellow- to amber-coloured fenugreek seeds are frequently encountered in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, used both whole and powdered in the preparation of pickles, vegetable dishes, dal, and spice mixes such as panch phoron and sambar powder. They are often roasted to reduce inherent bitterness and to enhance flavour (Maillard browning).[14]
Cooking
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2018) |
Fresh fenugreek leaves are an ingredient in some curries, such as with potatoes in Indian cuisines to make aloo methi (potato fenugreek) curry.[15]
In Armenian cuisine, fenugreek seed powder is used to make a paste that is an important ingredient to cover dried and cured beef to make basturma.[16]
In Iranian cuisine, fenugreek leaves are called shambalileh. They are one of several greens incorporated into the herb stew ghormeh sabzi, the herb frittata kuku sabzi, and a soup known as eshkeneh.
In Georgian cuisine, a related species—Trigonella caerulea called "blue fenugreek"—is used.[17]
In Egyptian cuisine, fenugreek is known by the Arabic name hilba or helba حلبة. Seeds are boiled to make a drink that is consumed at home, as well as in coffee shops. Peasants in Upper Egypt add fenugreek seeds and maize to their pita bread to produce aish merahrah, a staple of their diet. Basterma, a cured, dried beef, gets its distinctive flavour from the fenugreek used as a coating.
In the same way in Turkish cuisine, fenugreek seed powder, called çemen, is used to make a paste with paprika powder and garlic to cover dried and cured beef in making pastirma/basturma. (Its name comes from the Turkish verb bastırmak, meaning "to press").
In Palestinian cuisine, fenugreek is used as an ingredient in a cake called fenugreek cake or Hilbeh.[18]
In Moroccan cuisine, fenugreek is used in rfissa, a dish associated with the countryside.[19]
Fenugreek is used in Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisines.[20] The word for fenugreek in Amharic is abesh (or abish), and the seed is used in Ethiopia as a natural herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes.[20]
Yemenite Jews following the interpretation of Rabbi Shelomo Yitzchak (Rashi) believe fenugreek, which they call hilbah, hilbeh, hilba, helba, or halba "חילבה", to be the Talmudic rubia.[citation needed] When the seed kernels are ground and mixed with water, they greatly expand; hot spices, turmeric, and lemon juice are added to produce a frothy relish eaten with a sop. The relish is also called hilbeh; it is reminiscent of curry.[citation needed] It is eaten daily and ceremonially during the meal of the first and/or second night of the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashana.[21]
In Yemen, a small amount of oud al hilba (عود الحلبة), which appears to be the same as ashwagandha, is traditionally added to ground fenugreek seeds before they are mixed with water to prepare the hulbah paste. This is believed to aid in digestion and more importantly to prevent or lessen the maple-syrup smell that usually occurs when consuming fenugreek.
Nutritional profile
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 1,352 kJ (323 kcal) | ||
58 g | |||
| Dietary fiber | 25 g | ||
6.4 g | |||
23 g | |||
|
| |||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 8.8 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[22] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies[23] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In a 100-gram reference amount, fenugreek seeds provide 1,350 kilojoules (323 kcal) of food energy and contain 9% water, 58% carbohydrates, 23% protein, and 6% fat. Fenugreek seeds provide calcium at 14% of the Daily Value (DV, table).[citation needed] Fenugreek seeds (per 100 grams) are a rich source of protein (46% DV), dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals, particularly manganese (59% DV) and iron (262% DV) (table).
Dietary supplement
Fenugreek dietary supplements are manufactured from powdered seeds into capsules, loose powders, teas, and liquid extracts in many countries.[4][5] No high-quality evidence supports that these products have any clinical effectiveness.[4][5]
Animal feed
Fenugreek is sometimes used as animal feed. It provides a green fodder palatable to ruminants. The seeds are also used to feed fish and domestic rabbits.[24]
Food additive
Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain sotolon, which imparts the aroma of fenugreek and curry in high concentrations, and maple syrup or caramel in lower concentrations.[4][13] Fenugreek is used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup or tea, and as a dietary supplement.[5]
Research
Constituents of fenugreek seeds include flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, vitamins, and saponins; the most prevalent alkaloid is trigonelline and coumarins include cinnamic acid and scopoletin.[3] Research into whether fenugreek reduces biomarkers in people with diabetes and with prediabetic conditions is of limited quality.[25]
As of 2023, no high-quality evidence has been found for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving dysmenorrhea[4][26] or improving lactation during breastfeeding.[27] Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor experimental design and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and not recording adverse effects.[4][5][26][27]
Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no high-quality evidence for health or antidisease effect, fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration.[4][5]
Traditional medicine
Although once a folk remedy for an insufficient milk supply when nursing, no good evidence indicates that fenugreek is effective or safe for this use,[4][5][27] nor is it useful in traditional practices for treating dysmenorrhea, inflammation, diabetes, or any human disorder.[4][5][26]
Adverse effects and allergies
The use of fenugreek has the potential for serious adverse effects, as it may be unsafe for women with hormone-sensitive cancers.[4][5] Fenugreek is not safe for use during pregnancy, as it has possible abortifacient effects and may induce preterm uterine contractions.[3][4]
Some people are allergic to fenugreek, including those with peanut allergy or chickpea allergy.[3][4] Fenugreek seeds can cause diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal distention, flatulence, and perspiration, and impart a maple-like smell to sweat, urine, or breast milk.[3][4][5] A risk of hypoglycemia exists, particularly in people with diabetes, and it may interfere with the activity of antidiabetic drugs.[3][4] Because of the high content of coumarin-like compounds in fenugreek, it may interfere with the activity and dosing of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs.[3][4]
Fenugreek sprouts, cultivated from a single specific batch of seeds imported from Egypt into Germany in 2009, were implicated as the source of the 2011 outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Germany and France.[28] Identification of a common producer and a single batch of fenugreek seeds was evidence for the origin of the outbreaks.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant that stands around 2–3 feet (60–90 centimeters) tall. It has green leaves, small white flowers, and pods that contain small, golden-brown seeds.
For thousands of years, fenugreek has been used in alternative and Chinese medicine to treat skin conditions and many other diseases. It is also a common household spice and thickening agent and can be found in many products, such as soap and shampoo.
Fenugreek seeds and powder are also used in many Indian dishes for their nutritional profile and slightly sweet, nutty taste.
SUMMARYFenugreek is an interesting herb with diverse uses and many potential health benefits.
One tablespoon, or 11 grams (g), of whole fenugreek seeds contains 35 calories and several nutrientsTrusted Source, including:
- Fiber: 3 g
- Protein: 3 g
- Carbs: 6 g
- Fat: 1 g
- Iron: 3.72 mg – 21% of the Daily Value (DV)
- Manganese: 0.137 mg – 6% of the DV
- Magnesium: 21.2 mg – 5% of the DV
How to use fenugreek
Fenugreek is an ingredient in many supplements. Since formulations differ, the recommended dose depends on the supplement. There is no single recommended dose. Additionally, the dosage may vary depending on the benefit you seek.
Most testosterone-based researchTrusted Source uses around 250–600 mg of fenugreek extract, while research on breast milkTrusted Source production has used around 1–6 g. Research on other areas has used much higher doses.
Studies on the cholesterolTrusted Source– and blood sugar-lowering effects of fenugreek suggest that doses between 5 and 25 g may be most effective.
SUMMARYFenugreek seeds have a healthy nutritional profile, containing a good amount of fiber and minerals, including iron and manganese.
Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for your baby’s development. However, some people may find it difficult to produce sufficient amounts.
While prescription drugs are commonly used to boost breastmilk production, research suggests that fenugreek may be a safe, natural alternative.
One older, 14-day study of 78 new mothers found that drinking herbal tea with fenugreek seeds increased breast milk production, which helped babies gain more weight.
Another 2011 studyTrusted Source split 66 mothers into three groups. One received fenugreek tea, the second received a placebo, and the third received nothing. The volume of pumped breast milk increased from around 1.15 ounces (oz), or 34 milliliters (mL) in the control and placebo groups to 2.47 oz (73 mL) in the fenugreek group.
In a 2020 case-control study, mothers with newborns and complaints of insufficient milk were given water soaked with fenugreek. The researchers found an associated increase in milk production as documented by increases in the frequency of urination and higher weight gain among the newborns of the fenugreek subjects compared to the control group.
These studies used fenugreek herbal tea or fenugreek water instead of supplements, but supplements are likely to have similar effects. Though this research is encouraging, discuss any concerns about breastmilk production with a healthcare professional before taking any supplements or teas.
SUMMARYResearch suggests that fenugreek may increase breastmilk production and the rate of weight gain in newborn babies.
One of the most common reasons men use fenugreek supplements is to boost testosterone.
Some studies have found that it has beneficial effects, including an increased libido. In one older study, taking 300 milligrams (mg) of fenugreek twice daily for 8 weeks led to significant increases in testosterone levels in men when combined with resistance training. Participants also experienced a reduction in body fat compared to the control group, without any decrease in muscle strength.
In another older 6-week studyTrusted Source, 30 males took a supplement with 600 mg of fenugreek extract — along with magnesium, zinc, and vitamin B6 — to assess changes in sexual function and libido. Most participants reported increased strength and improved sexual function.
In a newer study from 2020Trusted Source, 138 male participants were divided into three groups. Those who took 600 mg of supplement derived from fenugreek (Testofen), those who took 300 mg of Testofen, and those who took a placebo. Participants were enrolled randomly into a group without knowing which group they were in. The group that took 600 mg had a decrease in body mass and body fat but an increase in lean mass. They also had a measurable increase in testosterone concentration.
However, more research is needed.
SUMMARYInitial research suggests that fenugreek can boost testosterone levels and sexual function in males.
Fenugreek may help prevent metabolic conditions, such as diabetes.
In one study, people with type 2 diabetes who took 5 g of fenugreek seed powder twice daily for 2 months experienced a reduction in fasting blood sugar levels, belly fat, body mass index, and hemoglobin A1c, a marker of long-term blood sugar management.
The high fiber content of fenugreek powder or seeds could also support blood sugar management, even in people without diabetes.
ResearchersTrusted Source found that replacing 10% of the refined wheat flour in buns and flatbreads with fenugreek powder significantly reduced blood sugar levels after eating in people without diabetes.
SUMMARYEvidence supports fenugreek’s role in blood sugar control and the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Fenugreek has been used to treat a variety of conditions. However, many of these uses have not been studied well enough to reach strong conclusions.
Preliminary research suggests that fenugreek may aid:
- Appetite control: Researchers saw a reduction in fat intake and appetite. An older studyTrusted Source from 2009 found that participants spontaneously reduced total fat intake by 17%.
- Cholesterol levels: Some evidence indicates that fenugreek can lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
- Heartburn: An older 2-week pilot studyTrusted Source of people with frequent heartburn found that fenugreek reduced their symptoms. In fact, its effects matched those of antacid medications.
- Inflammation: This herb has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in rats and mice. More research is needed to confirm this in humans.
In addition, some reviews and anecdotal reports from traditional medicine suggest that fenugreek can improve metabolism, ease digestive issues, and treat numerous other conditions.
SUMMARYAlthough more research is needed, initial results postulate that fenugreek has several other health benefits.
Fenugreek is an ingredient in many supplements. Since formulations differ, the recommended dose depends on the supplement. There is no single recommended dose.
Additionally, the dosage may vary depending on the benefit you seek.
Most testosterone-based researchTrusted Source uses around 250–600 mg of fenugreek extract, while research on breast milkTrusted Source production has used around 1 g to 6 g.
Research on other areas has used much higher doses.
In fact, studies on the cholesterol-Trusted Source and blood-sugar-lowering effects of fenugreek suggest that doses between 5 g and 25 g may be most effective.
Supplements should generally be taken before or with a meal. Since this herb aids blood sugar control, it may be best to take it with your highest carb meal of the day.
Always follow the dosage instructions on the label. If unsure, consult a healthcare professional.
SUMMARYYour dosage of fenugreek depends on the type of supplement, as well as your health goal.
Fenugreek appears relatively safeTrusted Source for most people.
However, as with most supplements, less serious side effects like diarrhea and indigestion have been reported anecdotally. You may also experience reduced appetiteTrusted Source, which could be harmful if you have an eating disorder or are trying to gain weight. Moreover, some people report a strange and slightly sweet body odor when supplementing, but this is unconfirmed.
Given its effect on blood sugar, fenugreek should be used with caution if you’re taking diabetes medication or other supplements that lower blood sugar levels.
Animal and human studies suggest that very high doses cause numerous adverse side effects, including DNA damage, decreased fertility, neurological problems, and an increased risk of miscarriage.
Although most of these side effects haven’t been confirmed in humans, and the dosages used are unusually high, some scientists are concerned about the use of fenugreek supplements.
It’s always a good idea to check with a medical professional before starting a new supplement. Most importantly, ensure that you’re taking a safe dose.
SUMMARYIn humans, fenugreek may cause mild side effects, although it appears relatively safe at the correct dosage.
Fenugreek is a unique herb that has long been used in alternative medicine.
Based on the available evidence, fenugreek has benefits for lowering blood sugar levels, boosting testosterone, and increasing milk production in people who are breastfeeding.
Fenugreek may also reduce cholesterol levels, lower inflammation, and help with appetite control, but more research is needed in these areas.
"This Content Sponsored by SBO Digital Marketing.
Mobile-Based Part-Time Job Opportunity by SBO!
Earn money online by doing simple content publishing and sharing tasks. Here's how:
- Job Type: Mobile-based part-time work
- Work Involves:
-
- Content publishing
- Content sharing on social media
- Time Required: As little as 1 hour a day
- Earnings: ₹300 or more daily
- Requirements:
-
- Active Facebook and Instagram account
- Basic knowledge of using mobile and social media
For more details:
WhatsApp your Name and Qualification to 9994104160
a.Online Part Time Jobs from Home
b.Work from Home Jobs Without Investment
c.Freelance Jobs Online for Students
d.Mobile Based Online Jobs
e.Daily Payment Online Jobs
Keyword & Tag: #OnlinePartTimeJob #WorkFromHome #EarnMoneyOnline #PartTimeJob #jobs #jobalerts #withoutinvestmentjob"
Comments
Post a Comment